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Topic: Covid ’vaccination persuasion’ teams reap rewards in Turkey
A coronavirus "vaccination persuasion" initiative is gearing up to be rolled out across Turkey after proving a resounding success in a district in the country’s south-east.
一項新冠病毒「接種疫苗勸說」倡議在土耳其東南部一個地區證明成效卓著後，正加緊在全國各地推出。
Since February, doctors and healthcare workers in the mainly Kurdish city of Adıyaman have been calling people in age groups already eligible for the vaccine to ask why they have not come to clinics for appointments.
醫師和醫護人員2月起在以庫德族為主的阿德亞曼市，打電話給符合接種年齡資格的族群，詢問他們為什麼沒有到診所預約接種。
Then, equipped with cooler boxes full of vaccine vials, they fan out across the rural area to visit patients who are still reluctant.
然後，他們帶著裝滿疫苗針劑的保冷箱，在這個鄉村地區四處拜訪仍不願去接種疫苗的患者。
It is working, boosting the vaccine take-up rate among the 250,000 strong population scattered across the province’s central district by nearly 30%.
此舉確實發揮作用，將散佈該省中心地區約25萬人口的疫苗接種率，提高了將近30%。Source article: https://features.ltn.com.tw/english/article/paper/1452359;
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Topic: Prehistoric settlement in Turkey bears telltale signs of modern woes
Overcrowding. Violence. Infectious diseases. Environmental degradation. It may sound like the worst of modern mega-cities.
過度擁擠、暴力、傳染性疾病、環境惡化，這聽起來就像是最惡劣的現代巨型都市。
But people encountered these very same problems when the first large settlements were being established millennia ago as humans began to swap a nomadic hunter-gatherer existence for a lifestyle centered on farming, scientists said on June 17, based on findings from a prehistoric site in south-central Turkey.
不過，科學家在六月十七日指出，根據土耳其中南部一處史前遺址發現的證據顯示，人們早在幾千年前建立最初的大型聚落時，就遭遇過這些類似的問題，人類當時正開始從遊牧式狩獵採集的生活型態轉換成農牧為主的生活方式。
The researchers examined 742 human skeletons unearthed at the prehistoric ruins of Catalhoyuk, inhabited from 9,100 to 7,950 years ago during a pivotal time in human evolution, for clues about what life was like at one of the earliest sizable settlements in the archeological record. At its peak, 3,500 to 8,000 people lived there, with the researchers calling it a “proto-city.”
研究人員檢驗「加泰土丘」史前遺跡出土的七百四十二具人類骨骸，希望能找到線索，拼湊出人類當初在這處大型聚落中生活的樣貌。加泰土丘是考古紀錄中年代最早的一處大型聚落遺址，人類在九千一百年前到七千九百五十年前居住於此，當時正好是人類演化的關鍵時刻。在巔峰時期，當地約有三千五百到八千位居民，研究人員遂稱此地為一個「原始城市」。
The residents experienced a high rate of infections, as seen in their teeth and bones, probably caused by diseases spreading in crowded conditions amid challenges to proper hygiene, the researchers said. Overcrowding may have contributed to interpersonal violence. Many skulls bore evidence of healed fractures to the top or back of the cranium, some with multiple injuries.
研究人員表示，居民的牙齒跟骸骨顯示他們遭到感染的比例相當高，可能是因為擁擠的生活條件，難以維持良好衛生，使得疾病於其中散播。過度擁擠也可能導致人與人之間發生暴力行為。證據在於，許多頭骨在頭蓋骨上方或後腦處可見癒合後的骨裂痕跡，有些頭骨還有多處損傷。
The shape of these injuries indicates they may have been caused by hard clay balls found at Catalhoyuk that researchers suspect were used as projectiles from a sling weapon. “A key message that people will take from these findings is that our current behaviors have deep roots in the history of humankind,” said Ohio State University biological anthropologist Clark Spencer Larsen, who led the study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
從形狀研判，這些損傷可能是遭到堅硬的黏土球體撞擊而導致。研究人員懷疑，在加泰土丘發現的黏土球當時可能被用來當作投石器或彈弓的子彈。「人們從這些發現中獲得的關鍵訊息就是，我們目前的行為模式在人類歷史中有著很深的根源，」俄亥俄州立大學的生物人類學家克拉克‧史賓瑟‧拉爾森這麼說，他是這篇發表於《美國國家科學院院刊》研究的主持人。
“The people living in this community faced challenges of life in settlements addressing fundamental issues: what to eat, who produces the food, how is the food distributed, what are the social norms for division of labor, the challenges of infection and infectious disease in settings where there is limited sanitation, the strategy of interpersonal relationships involving animosity in some instances,” Larsen added.
拉爾森補充指出：「住在這個社群中的人們，當時在聚落生活中面臨解決基礎問題的挑戰：要吃什麼、誰負責做東西吃、食物如何分配、分工的社會規範是什麼、感染和傳染性疾病在環境衛生受限的情況下帶來的挑戰，以及在某些場合中當人際關係牽涉到敵意時該採取的策略。」
As the world emerged from the last Ice Age, with warmer conditions conducive to crop domestication, there was a shift from foraging to farming beginning 10,000 to 12,000 years ago among people in numerous places. The people grew crops including wheat, barley and rye and raised sheep, goats and eventually cattle. Some homes boasted wall murals, and other art included stone figurines of animals and corpulent women.
在一萬到一萬兩千年前，隨著世界從上一次冰河時期中浮現，加上較溫暖的氣候條件有助於人工培植農作物，世界各地的人們開始從搜尋食物轉為從事農業。加泰土丘當地人類種植的作物包括小麥、大麥、裸麥，也會飼養綿羊、山羊，最後甚至還有牛。有些家屋裡繪有壁畫，其他藝術品則包含主題為動物或是豐滿女性的石雕像。
Catalhoyuk’s residents lived in clay brick structures akin to apartments, entering and exiting through ladders that connected the living areas of houses to the roofs. After death, residents were buried in pits dug into the floors of the homes.
加泰土丘的居民住在由黏土磚砌成的建築結構，類似公寓的模樣，只不過進出是靠連接屋內起居空間和屋頂的階梯。居民過世後，其他人會在家屋的地板底下挖洞，將他們埋葬於其中。
Catalhoyuk, measuring about 13 hectares, was continuously occupied for 1,150 years and appears to have been a largely egalitarian community. It was eventually abandoned, perhaps because of environmental degradation caused by the human population and a drying climate that made farming there harder, the researchers said.
加泰土丘面積約十三公頃，持續有人居住長達一千一百五十年之久，看起來像是一個大致上平等的社群。研究人員表示，當地最後被放棄的原因可能是因為人口數量導致環境惡化，而逐漸乾燥的氣候也讓農業變得較難進行。
Source article: http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/lang/archives/2019/07/07/2003718231/2
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Topic: Spurning Erdogan’s Vision, Turks Leave in Droves, Draining Money and Talent
17年來，土耳其總統厄多安靠著給選民一個願景而連連勝選，那就是恢復土耳其鄂圖曼帝國時期的光榮。他藉由加強貿易和軍事部署擴大土耳其的影響力，並用多年不間斷的經濟成長提高生活水準。
For 17 years, President Recep Tayyip Erdogan won elections by offering voters a vision of restoring the glories of Turkey’s Ottoman past. He extended his country’s influence with increased trade and military deployments, and he raised living standards with years of unbroken economic growth.
但在2016年發生一場未遂政變後，厄多安展開了全面鎮壓。去年土耳其經濟情勢不穩，而且在厄多安贏得連任並獲取更大權力後不久後，土耳其里拉就驟貶。隨著土耳其政府任人唯親和威權的情況更加嚴重，土耳其人開始用不同的方式投票——這次是用腳。
But after a failed 2016 coup, Erdogan embarked on a sweeping crackdown. Last year, the economy wobbled and the lira plunged soon after he won re-election with even greater powers. As cronyism and authoritarianism seep deeper into his administration, Turks are voting differently — this time with their feet.
根據土耳其官方的統計和分析家的說法，他們成群離開土耳其，而且把才能和資金一併帶走，他們離開的方式意味人們對厄多安的願景失去信心，失去信心的現象不但普遍，而且令人擔憂。
They are leaving the country in droves and taking talent and capital with them in a way that indicates a broad and alarming loss of confidence in Erdogan’s vision, according to government statistics and analysts.
過去這兩三年，從土耳其出走的不只是學生和學者，還有企業家、商人和數以千計的有錢人，他們把值錢的東西變賣一空，並把家人和資產送到國外。
In the past two to three years, not only have students and academics fled the country, but also entrepreneurs, businesspeople, and thousands of wealthy individuals who are selling everything and moving their families and money abroad.
土耳其統計局的資料顯示，2017年移民到國外的土耳其人超過25萬人，比2016年的將近17萬8000人成長了42%。
More than a quarter of a million Turks emigrated in 2017, according to the Turkish Institute of Statistics, an increase of 42 percent over 2016, when nearly 178,000 citizens left the country.
倫敦攝政大學跨國研究中心主任史克西等分析家指出，土耳其發生過幾波師生外移潮，不過這波出走潮看來像是更具永久性的社會重新排序，恐怕會使土耳其倒退數十年。
Turkey has seen waves of students and teachers leave before, but this exodus looks like a more permanent reordering of the society and threatens to set Turkey back decades, said Ibrahim Sirkeci, director of transnational studies at Regent’s University in London, and other analysts.
史克西說：「人才外流是千真萬確的。」
“The brain drain is real,” Sirkeci said.
推動人群、才能和資金外逃的是一組強而有力的因素，這些因素決定了厄多安統治下的生活，而且反對厄多安的人對消弭這些因素日益絕望。
The flight of people, talent and capital is being driven by a powerful combination of factors that have come to define life under Erdogan and that his opponents increasingly despair is here to stay.
這些因素包括：對政治迫害的恐懼、恐怖活動、對司法體系和法治的任意性日漸加深的不信任，以及逐漸惡化的經商環境，人們擔憂厄多安破壞性地操縱經濟，好讓他自己和核心圈子得利，這樣的憂慮讓經商環境加速轉壞。
They include fear of political persecution, terrorism, a deepening distrust of the judiciary and the arbitrariness of the rule of law, and a deteriorating business climate, accelerated by worries that Erdogan is unsoundly manipulating the economy to benefit himself and his inner circle.
結果就是，自從土耳其共和國近100年前成立以來，存在已久的富裕階層（特別是主宰土耳其文化與
商業生活數十年的世俗菁英）之中，頭一次有許多人遷離土耳其，而由與厄多安及其執政黨親近的新富階層取而代之。
The result is that, for the first time since the republic was founded nearly a century ago, many from the old moneyed class, in particular the secular elite who have dominated Turkey’s cultural and business life for decades, are moving away and the new rich close to Erdogan and his governing party are taking their place.
Source article: https://paper.udn.com/udnpaper/POH0067/336081/web/#top